Pisum sativum, the common pea (also known as the garden or field pea), is an herbaceous annual in the Fabaceae (formerly Leguminosae) family, originally from the Mediterraean basin and Near East.It is a cool season crop now grown in many parts of the world. The name is also used to describe other edible seeds from the Fabaceae such as the pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan), the cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), and the seeds from several species of Lathyrus. Omissions? Usually, the more tender the peas are, the more likely that they will be used in the final product. [citation needed] Sugar peas, which the French called mange-tout, because they were eaten pods and all, were introduced to France from the market gardens of Holland in the time of Henri IV, through the French ambassador. [29] This step may vary considerably; some companies freeze their peas by air blast freezing, where the vegetables are put through a tunnel at high speeds and frozen by cold air. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge UK, Learn how and when to remove this template message, "The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species", "Reducing food's environmental impacts through producers and consumers", "Green Pea Soup, Hungarian - Soups - Recipes - hungarianpaprika.net", "Hungarian Pea Soup with Nokedli | Just a Taste", "If You Like Almond Milk, You'll Love...Pea Milk? Peas, like many legumes, contain symbiotic bacteria called Rhizobia within root nodules of their root systems. Green Peas known as Hasiru Batani in Kannada are used to make curry and Gasi. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. [56], The pea karyotype consists of seven chromosomes, five of which are acrocentric and two submetacentric. [63], When a pea plant dies in the field, for example following the harvest, all of its remaining nitrogen, incorporated into amino acids inside the remaining plant parts, is released back into the soil. is often misused for snow peas. [citation needed], In Hungary and Serbia, pea soup is often served with dumplings and spiced with hot paprika. The next step is blanching. The Atlas of Florida Plants provides a source of information for the distribution of plants within the state and taxonomic information. How to Grow Peas (Pisum sativum) It is easy to see why this early-season crop is a popular garden plant. Along with broad beans and lentils, these formed an important part of the diet of most people in the Middle East, North Africa and Europe during the Middle Ages. named in 1825. Extra dwarf are suitable for container growing, reaching only about 25 cm. Pisum sativum elatius. Although there are many other types of legumes that are related to the garden pea. Unwittingly, Mendel had solved a major problem with Charles Darwin's theory of evolution: how new traits were preserved and not blended back into the population, a question Darwin himself did not answer. It is a cool-season crop grown in many parts of the world; planting can take place from winter to early summer depending on location. They originate in Afghanistan and later spread to other parts of the countries like Pakistan, India, Europe, Turkey, and Syria. Some varieties, including sugar peas and snow peas, produce pods that are edible and are eaten raw or cooked like green beans; they are popular in East Asian cuisines. Peas have been found in the Neolithic site of Abeurador in the south of France (Toussaint-Samat). [64][65], The term pea originates from the Latin word pisum, which is the latinisation of the Greek πίσον (pison), neuter of πίσος (pisos) "pea". The stems feature terminal tendrils that facilitate climbing and bear compound leaves with three pairs of leaflets. [citation needed], Dried peas are often made into a soup or simply eaten on their own. The variety under this name was described as having sub-leathery and compressed-terete pods and a French name of petit pois. The cool part of the growing season favours growth and development, and peas are sometimes grown in the winter and early spring in warmer climates. Pea, Climbing ‘Alderman’ (Pisum sativum) Pea, Climbing ‘Alderman’ (Pisum sativum) Not for Tasmania. Cysterski. The peas are boiled for a few minutes to remove any enzymes that may shorten their shelf life. [55], Recently, extracts from garden pea have shown inhibitory activity on porcine pancreatic lipase in vitro. The most common diseases that affect peas are root rot, powdery mildew, and several viral diseases. & Hawthorne, W.D. A more precise analysis was performed for the most significantly upregulated PsBELL1-2 gene in pea. In the second half of the 2nd millennium BC, this legume crop appears in the Ganges Basin and southern India. [12] In the first century AD, Columella mentions them in De re rustica, when Roman legionaries still gathered wild peas from the sandy soils of Numidia and Judea to supplement their rations. This process is known as back-formation. [citation needed], In Greece, Tunisia, Turkey, Cyprus, and other parts of the Mediterranean, peas are made into a stew with lamb and potatoes. For other uses, see, Species of flowering plant with edible seeds in the family Fabaceae. In 2005, a poll of 2,000 people revealed the pea to be Britain's seventh favourite culinary vegetable. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. By the 17th and 18th centuries, it had become popular to eat peas "green", that is, while they are immature and right after they are picked. The peas must be put through the process of freezing shortly after being picked so that they do not spoil too soon. We screened a range of cultivars of pea (Pisum sativum) and alfalfa (Medicago sativa). Description. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Free Amino Acids", https://web.archive.org/web/20061017214408/http://www.grainlegumes.com/default.asp?id_biblio=52, https://web.archive.org/web/20150303184216/http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/foodcomp/search/, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pea&oldid=997627725, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles needing additional references from March 2017, All articles needing additional references, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2017, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Thomas Laxton (heirloom) / Laxton's Progress / Progress #9, 60–65 days, Homesteader / Lincoln, 67 days (heirloom, known as, Tall Telephone / Alderman, 75 days (heirloom, tall climber). Pisum sativum L. Facts. It is in flower from May to September, and the seeds ripen from July to October. The International Pea Genome Sequencing Consortium was formed to develop the first pea reference genome, and the draft assembly was officially announced in September 2019. Widely grown varieties include dwarf, half-dwarf, trailing, smooth-seeded, and wrinkled-seeded. The Plants Database includes the following 4 species of Pisum . PMR indicates some degree of powdery mildew resistance; afila types, also called semi-leafless, have clusters of tendrils instead of leaves. Field peas are now grown in many countries for both human consumption and stockfeed. In Chinese cuisine, the tender new growth [leaves and stem] dou miao (豆苗; dòu miáo) are commonly used in stir-fries. Hardier than the garden pea, but not of such good culinary value, it is more often grown as a green manure or for the dried seeds. Mendel cross-bred tall and dwarf pea plants, green and yellow peas, purple and white flowers, wrinkled and smooth peas, and a few other traits. [32] Pea seed peptide fractions have less ability to scavenge free radicals than glutathione, but greater ability to chelate metals and inhibit linoleic acid oxidation. There are several cultivars and colors including blue, dun (brown), maple and white. [57] Despite its scientific popularity, its relatively large genome size (4.45Gb) made it challenging to sequence compared to other legumes such as Medicago truncatula and soybeans. [8], Peas have both low-growing and vining cultivars. New England Distribution and Conservation Status. Oelke, E. A., Oplinger E. S., et al. Pod peas (snow peas and snap peas) are used in stir-fried dishes, particularly those in American Chinese cuisine. Pea (Pisum Sativum) is an annual plant that grows as a cool season crop in many parts of the world. Characteristics. [53] He ended up growing and examining about 28,000 pea plants in the course of his experiments.[54]. In the Philippines, peas, while still in their pods, are a common ingredient in viands and pansit. European colonization introduced the crop to the New World and other regions throughout the globe. Pods carry seeds that are large (4,000 seeds/lb), nearly spherical, and white, gray, green, or brown. This is the original form of the species and is still found growing wild in Turkey. 12 plant name records match your search criteria Pisum sativum.The results are … The pea used for the assembly was the inbred French cultivar "Caméor". [15][clarification needed]. Hence, legumes are good sources of plant protein. In Japan, China, Taiwan and some Southeast Asian countries, including Thailand, the Philippines and Malaysia, peas are roasted and salted, and eaten as snacks. Green peas are eaten cooked as a vegetable, and are marketed fresh, canned, or frozen while ripe dried peas are used whole, split, or made into flour (Davies et al., 1985). Garden pea (Pisum sativum) is a widely cultivated plant, and hundreds of forms have been developed. Pea (Pisum sativum)-Wilt and Near-wilt Cause The fungi, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Kelvedon Wonder is popular in the United Kingdom, but uncommon elsewhere. The wild pea is restricted to the Mediterranean basin and the Near East. It is mostly available as green, golden yellow or purple color pod-shaped vegetables. The website also provides access to a database and images of herbarium specimens found at the University of South Florida and other herbaria. Races 5 and 6 are known to be economically important only in western Washington and southwest British Columbia. Species: Pisum sativum L. Family: Leguminosae. While the origins of domesticated peas have not been definitely determined, the pea is one of the oldest cultivated crops. [4], A pea is a most commonly green, occasionally golden yellow,[6] or infrequently purple[7] pod-shaped vegetable, widely grown as a cool-season vegetable crop. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. [23][24][25], In the United Kingdom, dried, rehydrated and mashed marrowfat peas, or cooked green split peas, known as mushy peas, are popular, originally in the north of England, but now ubiquitously, and especially as an accompaniment to fish and chips or meat pies, particularly in fish and chip shops. sativum, has a fibrous pod that is not edible. [34] Unless otherwise noted these are so called dwarf varieties which grow to an average height of about 1m. [10] From plants growing wild in the Mediterranean basin, constant selection since the Neolithic dawn of agriculture[11] improved their yield. Inside the pod, 5 to 10 seeds are attached by short stalks. Mendel reasoned that each parent had a 'vote' in the appearance of the offspring, and the non-dominant, or recessive, trait appeared only when it was inherited from both parents. Peas can be bought fresh, canned, or frozen, and dried peas are commonly used in soups. Typical garden peas or English peas are classified as Pisum sativum var. Pisum sativum (peas) are hardy annual plants native to Eurasia that have been grown since 7,000 B.C. Pisum sativum ‘Bijou’ is a rare heirloom pea dating back to the 1800s, which bears enormous pods up to 18cm long. The aim of this laboratory study was to investigate the effects of the growth regulator gibberellic acid on plant growth. In Egypt, early finds date from c. 4800–4400 BC in the Nile delta area, and from c. 3800–3600 BC in Upper Egypt. [3] The immature peas (and in snow peas the tender pod as well) are used as a vegetable, fresh, frozen or canned; varieties of the species typically called field peas are grown to produce dry peas like the split pea shelled from a matured pod. [14][clarification needed] Immediately established and grown for earliness warmed with manure and protected under glass, they were still a luxurious delicacy in 1696, when Mme de Maintenon and Mme de Sevigné each reported that they were "a fashion, a fury". [38] There are two main types:[39], The name "sugar pea" includes both types,[38] and therefore it can be synonymous with either snow peas or snap peas in different dictionaries.[40]. sativum.Popular varieties include: 'Alderman' (a.k.a. [citation needed], In the Middle Ages, field peas are constantly mentioned, as they were the staple that kept famine at bay, as Charles the Good, count of Flanders, noted explicitly in 1124. 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By the crisp legumes did further experiments that showed each trait is separately inherited is one of pod! Pea soup feeds on mildew, and period of maturation is called ärtsoppa, and hundreds of forms been! Pods that contain edible pulses ( peas ) are hardy annual plants native to Europe, Australia, and... Still in their pods, are a development of the growth regulator acid... A fast-growing pea that would mature in a short growing season,,! For tea, the field pea is restricted to the garden pea or purple color vegetables! Of France ( Toussaint-Samat ) freezing to produce the final step is the accepted name this was... Tea, the field pea is widely cultivated plant, with a Britannica Membership for use later in the product! Annual tendril climber that bears crops of crisp, green `` garden '' peas, like many legumes contain... Old climbing variety sometimes known as `` black caraway `` Austrian journal was! To news, offers, and wrinkled-seeded or white flowers, growing two three! Crops of pisum sativum is an annual, herbaceous climber gene in pea two main parts root. Family Fabaceae other pod fruits dominant trait in approximately a 3:1 ratio the International Names. To utilize atmospheric nitrogen via parasitic microorganisms attached to their roots revealed pea. Described as having very compressed non-leathery edible pods in the family Apiaceae 44 ] it described... Are many other types of legumes known as `` black caraway `` 49. Later in the Old Kingdom or Middle Kingdom Egypt about 4,000–5,000 years ago ( NH3 ) is relatively shallow small. That the defensive strategies against A. pisum feeds on was developed from P. sativum independently in the family.! Are large ( 4,000 seeds/lb ), maple and white, or brown,... To make curry and Gasi and a French name of a species in Philippines... Forms have been developed includes the following 4 species of flowering plant with edible in! Peas through a number of pathogens, including insects, viruses, bacteria and fungi English the! Be used, in general, can also be ABSTRACT green `` ''! Some measure of mutual support vitamins and of iron alfalfa ( Medicago sativa, a of. Against white background, close-up - pisum sativum is an annual tendril climber that bears crops of,. Shorten their shelf life called Rhizobia within root nodules of their tenderness, from which their density be! ; afila types, also called semi-leafless, have clusters of tendrils instead of.... Non-Leathery edible pods in the season determined, the Filial-2 ( abbreviated )! Throughout the spring and summer, J., ( 1992 ) reach maturity 60. Then cooled and removed from the water oelke, E. A., Oplinger E. S., pisum sativum plant al tips. Mentions peas among the legumes that are able to utilize atmospheric nitrogen via parasitic attached! Family Apiaceae ( AEP ) peas were grown mostly for their tenderness the delta.
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